Wb nrhiav paub thaum lub abbreviation s.f. APA siv
El formato de presentación de obras científicas de la American Psychological Association, nyiam hu ua APA standards (rau lub acronym hauv Lus Askiv ntawm lub koom haum: American Psychological Association) muaj hauv abbreviations uas feem ntau nyeem dua thiab rov ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov cai sau ntawv nyob rau hauv cov cai thiab uas heev facilitate nyeem ntawv thiab txawm tias lawv sau ntawv. Ib recurring abbreviation hauv "n.d." APA thiab hnub no peb piav seb nws txhais li cas thiab thaum twg koj siv tau.
Siv hauv s.f. apa rau tsab xov xwm undated
Peb ib txwm emphasize li cas tseem ceeb npaum li cas nws yog muaj txhua yam kom muab ua ke citations thiab bibliographic references, tab sis peb paub tias nws yuav tsis nco ntsoov tau.
Seb nws yog ib tug tsis edited ua hauj lwm Los yog li ntawd, vim li cas, tau txiav txim siab omit ib co ntaub ntawvTej zaum koj yuav xav tias koj tsis paub hnub uas koj tau txais tej ntaub ntawv.
Yog li ntawd, cov "n.d." los txog rau cawm. Tag nrho koj yuav tsum ua yog tseem nrog cov kev siv los yog tsocai daim ntawv thiab, tsis txhob sau ntawv xyoo ntawv, muab cov abbreviation "n.d." nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw. Qhov no txhais tau tias "undated".
Nco ntsoov tias daim ntawv ntawm cov neeg ua tim khawv ntawm ib phau ntawv yog raws li nram no:
Sau tus surname, Pib ntawm tus sau phau ntawv lub npe. (Xyoo ntawv qhia txog qhov chaw ua hauj lwm). Lub npe ntawm qhov chaw ua hauj lwm hauv italics. Publisher npe.
Thiab, yog peb tsis muaj hnub ntawv, ces nws yuav tau ua li no:
Madison, H. (n.d.) Down rau lub qhov luav: curious adventures thiab cautionary tales ntawm ib tus playboy bunny. Dey Street phau ntawv.
Yog hais tias lwm cov ntaub ntawv yog uas ploj lawm
Tu siab tsis muaj ib cov ntaub ntawv yog ib yam dab tsi uas yuav tshwm sim rau koj nrog lwm yam lus, los yog txawm tias, koj yuav tsis muaj ntaub ntawv ntawm ob los yog peb cov ntaub ntawv.
Yog li ntawd, ntawm no yog koj yuav tsum ua li cas:
Yog hais tias koj tsis muaj tus sau lub npe: Hloov nws nrog lub npe ntawm lub npe.
Ua li ntawd, daim ntawv ntawm tus siv yuav ua raws li:
Title in italics. (Hnub tim) fountain.
Thiab cov tsocai yuav zoo li no:
(Title, Date).
Qhov no yuav tsum tsis meej pem nrog anonymous sau, uas yog lwm qeb. Tej zaum yuav muaj tej hauj lwm kos npe los ntawm ib tug "anonymous" sau uas yuav tsum tau muab los ntawm sau "anonymous" nyob rau hauv tus sau lub npe.
Ib tug siv yuav los ntawm tus anonymous sau yuav zoo li no:
Anónimo. (2015) Down to the rabbit hole: curious adventures and cautionary tales of a former playboy bunny. Dey Street Books.
Thiab cov tsocai yuav tau ua li no:
(Anonymous, 2015).
Yog koj tsis muaj lub npe
Txawm hais tias nws tsis heev, nws yuav tshwm sim uas koj tsis muaj lub npe ntawm qhov chaw ua hauj lwm. Yog hais tias qhov no yog koj rooj plaub no, nws kuj muaj ib cov kua tshuaj. Koj tsuas muab ib daim ntawv piav txog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv square brackets xwb tsis txhob siv lub npe. Kuj sau cov font, sab nraum lub square brackets.
Raws li daim ntawv no, cov neeg siv yuav tau ua raws li nram no:
Autor. (Fecha). [Descripción del documento]. Fuente.
Thiab cov quotes yuav tau ua li no:
(Sau, Hnub Tim)
Ob los yog ntau tshaj cov ntaub ntawv uas ploj lawm
Nws kuj tseem tshwm sim tau tias koj tsis muaj lub npe ntawm tus sau phau ntawv thiab hnub ntawm daim ntawv. No mas, zoo li tus cuav xwm, tab sis muaj, muaj ntau hom no thiab rau lawv, ib cov tshuaj uas muab los ntawm cov qauv APA.
Nws yog ib lo lus nug txog combining saum toj no, hloov tus sau nrog lub npe ntawm qhov chaw ua hauj lwm (hauv italic ntawv) thiab sau "s.f." rau hnub ntawd. Qhov chaw yuav tsum tau hais tawm.
Daim ntawv ntawm cov kev siv yog raws li nram no:
Title in italics. (n.d.) fountain.
Thiab cov quotes yuav tau ua li no:
(Title, n.d.)
Yuav ua li cas yog hais tias koj tsis tau koj txhais tes rau tus sau lub npe thiab lub npe ntawm qhov chaw ua hauj lwm? Ua li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau Hloov tus sau phau ntawv piav txog qhov chaw ua hauj lwm (hauv square brackets), raws li hnub thiab qhov twg los. Qhov no yog li cas cov neeg siv yuav tau ua:
[Job Description]. (Hnub tim). fountain.
Thiab cov tsocai yuav:
([Piav qhia txog qhov chaw ua hauj lwm], Hnub Tim).
Yog hais tias koj yog uas ploj lawm hnub ntawm daim ntawv thiab lub npe ntawm qhov chaw ua hauj lwm, ces ntxiv tus sau phau ntawv "xyoo" nrog ib "n.d."
Raws li daim ntawv no, citations yuav tau ua raws li nram no:
sau. (n.d.). [Piav txog qhov chaw ua hauj lwm]. fountain.
Thiab cov tsocai yuav zoo li no:
(Sau, n.d.)
Thiab nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas koj tsis muaj tus sau, hnub thiab lub npe, tsis yog, koj tsis tau muab pov tseg qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub thoob khib nyiab, tiam sis sau ib piav txog qhov chaw ua hauj lwm tsis txhob siv tus sau (no nyob rau hauv square brackets), qhov chaw "s.f." rau hnub thiab muab qhov chaw. Li no:
[Piav txog qhov chaw ua hauj lwm]. (n.d.). fountain.
Uas rau cov neeg ua tim khawv thiab citations yuav tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no:
([Piav txog qhov chaw ua hauj lwm]", n.d.)
Qhov suggestion
Tiam sis, yog hais tias koj tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog ib phau ntawv, nws pom tias yuav sau isbn.cloud, uas yog ib phau ntawv sau npe catalog. Wb hais qhov no yog cov kauj ruam kawg hauv sim saib cov ntaub ntawv uas ploj lawm. Yog hais tias koj tsis tau lawv muaj, koj yuav tsis tau lawv qhov twg.
Sim kauj ruam no. Nws yog ib qho zoo tshaj uas koj muaj cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv koj quotes thiab references, tsis ib yam dab tsi ib nrab-hearted, txawm tias nws yog ib yam dab tsi uas tau tawm hauv koj txhais tes.
Lwm abbreviations
Tiam sis "n.d." tsis yog tus abbreviation txais los ntawm cov APA. Ntawm no peb pav tas cov abbreviations feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv dissertations, degree ntawv thiab scientific articles sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nrov nrov:
- tshooj: tshooj.
- ed.: tsab.
- ed. rev.: revised tsab ntawv.
- 2nd ed.: Ob tsab.
- Ed. (Eds.): Editor (Editors).
- Tus neeg txhais lus (cov tshuab txhais lus).
- p. (pp.): nplooj ntawv (nplooj ntawv).
- Vol.: Ntim.
- vols.: tagnrho
- Nº: Number.
- Pt.: Qhov.
- Inf. Téc.: Technical Report.
- Sup.: Supplement.
Cov abbreviations Yuav tsum sau ntawv teev npe rau daim ntawv teev npe noKev saib xyuas, kev saib xyuas yog hais tias nws sau nyob rau hauv uppercase los yog lowercase, tej qhov chaw los yog tsis, lub sij hawm los yog tsis. Txwv tsis pub, cov abbreviation yuav tau "tsis ncaj ncees lawm".
Sau ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv APA yuav zoo li tedious, tiam sis nws puas tsim nyog nws. Tsis zoo xwb nws qhia peb txiav txim thiab systematic cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis nws muaj kev rigor. Ib txoj hauj lwm ua (zoo ua li cas, tau kawg) nyob rau hauv cov APA format denotes ib soj ntsuam ntawm uas muab lub sij hawm kom tau tej yam zoo thiab sau ib comprehensive thiab relevant kev tshawb fawb.