Masifunde ukwenza ukucaphuna okungaphakathi kombhalo ku-APA
Ngaphandle kwemithetho ye- I-American Psychological Association (APA) Ziqondiswe ekulawuleni ingxenye ngayinye yokwethulwa kocwaningo lwesayensi, imisebenzi yeziqu, ama-dissertations, ama-eseyi nokunye okunjalo, izingcaphuno ziyisici esibonakala sinika umsebenzi omningi kulabo abasohlelweni lokubhala. Kanjani ukuzenza? Yiziphi izici okufanele zicatshangelwe kuye ngohlobo lomthombo? Uyenza kanjani i-cating in-text ku-APA?
Ngakho ake siqale ekuqaleni. Into yokuqala okufanele uyazi ukuthi ukucaphuna kanye nereferensi yezincwadi akuyona into efanayo, kodwa ngokuvamile kuphathwa ndawonye, njengoba eyodwa ayikwazi ukuba khona ngaphandle kwesinye: isici ngasinye osicaphunayo kufanele sengezwe kumareferensi akho. Uma kungenjalo, i-aphoyintimenti yakho ngeke isebenze. Kungani? Ngoba akusizi ukuthi umcwaningi wangomuso (ozofunda umsebenzi wakho) afunde amazwi acashuniwe kahle emsebenzini wakho weziqu uma ungakwazi ukufinyelela ulwazi oluphelele, ongaluthola ngezikhombo zakho zebhayibheli.
Ukhumbula lokhu, kunelinye iphuzu okufanele uliqonde: yizikhombo zebhayibheli eziguqukayo; ama-aphoyintimenti azohlala enziwa ngaphansi kwefomethi efanayo. Ngalokhu sisho ukuthi, ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho sisho ukuthi kufanele wazi imininingwane, sibhekisela kuleyo datha ezokwakha inkomba yezincwadi. Izingcaphuno, kungakhathaliseki umthombo wolwazi, zizohlala ziqukethe ulwazi olufanayo.
Ake sikhulume ngengcaphuno engaphakathi kombhalo ku-APA
Ngemva kokuwacacisa womabili amaphuzu, kubalulekile-ke ukwazi ukuthi ucaphuna kanjani ngokuqondile. Obeye aziwe njengo izingcaphuno eziqondile, son aquellas en las que el investigador replica palabra por palabra la frase de otro autor.
Izingcaphuno ze-Verbatim zilungele izimo lapho umbhali ekhulume okuthile okungafanele ngempela ukuphimisela, pues destruiría el contexto y la fuerza de la frase. También cuando quieras reproducir exactamente un concepto sin temor a equivocarte.
Nokho, kusikiselwa ukuba kusetshenziswe izisho (izingcaphuno ezingaqondile), njengoba ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezingcaphuno zombhalo kungase kubhekwe njengophawu lobuvila, ukuqonda kancane indaba, ngisho nendlela yokwelula umbhalo. Yingakho abanye othisha bekhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwabo enanini ngalinye lamakhasi. Ukubeka ngamafuphi kuzohlala kungcono ngoba uzobonisa ukuthi ukuqondisisile okuqukethwe obala.
Izingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo zizohlala zinezici ezintathu: isibongo sombhali wengcaphuno, unyaka eyashicilelwa ngawo kanye nenombolo yekhasi lapho itholakala khona. Yonke eminye imininingwane ingabonakala kumareferensi ezincwadi.
Izingcaphuno ezimfushane zombhalo
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezingcaphuno eziqondile noma izingcaphuno eziqondile ku-APA: ezimfishane nezinde. Izingcaphuno zombhalo ezimfushane yilezo lapho amagama angaphansi kwangama-40 ephinde akhiqizwa khona, ncamashi njengomthombo wokuqala. Afakwe ezimpawu zokucaphuna.
Ngokulandelayo, izingcaphuno ezimfushane zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezintathu: izingcaphuno ezilandisayo, izingcaphuno zobakaki, nalezo ezibekwe ekugcineni komusho.
Izingcaphuno ezilandiswayo zigcizelela umbhali, njengoba noma ubani osho umusho unobungane kakhulu kunabanye. Isibonelo, ake ucabange ukuthi ukhuluma nge-cinema futhi ngaphambi kwakho ucaphuna uMartin Scorsese. Ngokusobala, igama lakho lizogqama.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele uqale ngomusho oyisingeniso, uqhubeke nesibongo sombhali, bese kuba unyaka wokushicilelwa kubakaki bese uqhubeka nokucaphuna. Qeda ngenombolo yekhasi, futhi kubakaki.
Ngokwesibonelo:
A pesar de ser películas muy taquilleras, Scorsese (2020) comenta que “eso no es cine de seres humanos intentando expresar experiencias emocionales y físicas de otro ser humano” (p.85), lo que causó controversia para las maquinarias dedicadas a esta industria.
Ingcaphuno kufanele ihlale inengqondo, ngakho thola indlela yokuyibhala ukuze kube lula ukuyifunda.
Kukhona futhi izingcaphuno kubakaki. Bagcizelela umbhalo ngokwawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sicabange ukuthi lokhu okungenhla akuzange kushiwo nguScorsese, kodwa u-Andersen, umqondisi wekhaya wenza amafilimu amafushane. Kulokhu, ukucaphuna kuzokwenziwa ngale ndlela:
Amafilimu ama-Superhero antshontshe ihhovisi lebhokisi eminyakeni yamuva kodwa kukhona abaqinisekisa ukuthi "lena akuyona i-cinema yabantu, bazama ukuveza okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo nomzimba womunye umuntu", (Andersen, 2020, p.85) okubonisa ukuthi indlela yempumelelo ye-Marvel ayihlobene kancane nesizinda sabalingiswa.
Uma izingcaphuno zenziwa ekugcineni komusho, akukho ukuphawula okwengeziwe okudingekayo. Ukufaka isihlonzi (umbhali, unyaka kanye nekhasi) kubakaki ekugcineni kwanele.
Izingcaphuno ezinde zombhalo
Y, kuthiwani uma lowo mbhalo ofuna ukuwuphindaphinda uqukethe amagama angaphezu kuka-40? Khona-ke kufanele wenze ingcaphuno yezwi nezwi nge-apa ende.
Lawa mabhulokhi wokuqukethwe abekwe endimeni ehlukile futhi ngaphandle kwezingcaphuno. Njengakuzingcaphuno ezimfushane, kuyadingeka ukuthi kube nomusho oyisingeniso (noma isigaba, ucabangela isimo), uqhubeke nesicaphuno bese uphetha ngesinye isigaba njengesiphetho.
Ingcaphuno kufanele ihlehliswe okungenani iyiyintshi enguhhafu ukusuka kumajiko angakwesokunxele futhi ihlukaniswe kabili futhi kufanele igcine ngobakaki lapho uzofaka khona isibongo sombhali, unyaka wokushicilelwa komthombo lapho ulwazi luvela khona kanye nenombolo yekhasi. ungayithola. Uma umbhalo ovulayo ukhomba umbhali noma idethi yokushicilelwa kombhalo, zikhiphe.
amafonti anamaphutha
Kuthiwani uma lowo musho wasekuqaleni ohlose ukuwucaphuna uqukethe ukungapeli kahle? Lokhu kungenzeka ongeke ukwazi ukukunqoba ngokukuziba noma ngokushintsha umbhalo ube ngendlela okufanele ube ngayo.
Uma uhlangabezana nesimo esinjalo, kufanele ufake igama elithi "sic" kubakaki kanye nezimpawu zokucaphuna ngemva nje kwephutha ekucaphuneni. Ngale ndlela ubonisa ukuthi uyazi ukuthi kunephutha, kodwa ukuthi akuhlangene nawe, kodwa nombhali wokuqala noma ubani ohlele ulwazi.
Ukwenza izingcaphuno zombhalo kuzohlale kuyinketho enembe kakhulu futhi elula uma ubhala iphrojekthi yeziqu, kodwa sincoma ukuthi ungayinaki. Bonisa ukuthi usiqonda kahle isihloko obhala ngaso futhi ugaye isicaphuni ngasinye ngokusiguqulela sibe isisho, yebo, unikeze udumo olumfanele kumbhali wayo wokuqala.