Cia peb kawm seb thaum twg cov ntawv luv s.f. siv. APA
El formato de presentación de obras científicas de la American Psychological Association, nrov npe hu ua APA cov qauv (rau cov ntawv sau ua lus Askiv ntawm lub koom haum: American Psychological Association) muaj cov ntawv luv luv uas feem ntau nyeem ntau zaus hauv kev ua haujlwm sau raws li cov cai no thiab uas pab txhawb kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv. Ib daim ntawv luv luv hauv "s.f." APA thiab hnub no peb piav qhia tias nws txhais li cas thiab thaum twg koj tuaj yeem siv nws.
Kev siv hauv s.f. apa rau undated tsab xov xwm
Peb ib txwm hais txog qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas kom muaj txhua yam nthuav dav los ua ke cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, tab sis peb paub tias nws tsis yog ib txwm ua tau.
Seb nws yog ib ua hauj lwm kho tsis zoo los yog tias, rau qee yam, nws tau txiav txim siab tshem tawm ib co ntaub ntawv, tej zaum nws yuav tshwm sim uas koj tsis paub hnub tshaj tawm ntawm qhov chaw tshwj xeeb.
Yog tias muaj, "s.f." los cawm. Txhua yam koj yuav tsum tau ua yog txuas ntxiv nrog cov ntaub ntawv paub lossis cov ntawv sau npe thiab, es tsis txhob sau lub xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm, siv cov ntawv luv "s.f." xwb. Qhov no txhais tau tias "tsis muaj hnub", uas yog, online hom ntawv npaj rau koj tsuas yog sau rau hauv lawv.
Nco ntsoov tias hom ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xa mus yog raws li hauv qab no:
Tus sau lub xeem, Keeb kwm ntawm tus sau lub npe. (Lub xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm). Lub npe ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv italics. Publisher Name, uas yog, online hom ntawv npaj rau koj tsuas yog sau rau hauv lawv.
Thiab, yog tias koj tsis muaj hnub tshaj tawm, ces nws yuav ua li no:
Madison, H. (s.f.) nqes mus rau lub qhov luav: xav paub taug txuj kev nyuaj thiab ceeb toom cov dab neeg ntawm ib tug qub playboy luav. Dey Street Phau Ntawv.
Yog tias lwm cov ntaub ntawv ploj lawm
Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv yog qee yam uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau koj nrog qee qhov kev nthuav dav, lossis txawm tias, koj tuaj yeem tsis muaj ntaub ntawv ntawm ob lossis peb cov ntaub ntawv.
Yog tias muaj, qhov no yog qhov koj yuav tsum ua:
Yog tias koj tsis muaj tus sau lub npe: Hloov nws nrog lub npe ntawm lub npe.
Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub hom ntawv ntawm kev siv yuav yog raws li nram no:
Lub npe nyob rau hauv italics. (Date) Source.
Thiab daim ntawv cog lus yuav zoo li no:
(Title, Hnub tim).
Qhov no yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub nrog cov neeg sau npe tsis qhia npe, uas yog lwm pawg. Tej zaum yuav muaj cov haujlwm kos npe los ntawm tus kws sau "tsis qhia npe" uas yuav tsum tau hais thiab siv los ntawm kev sau ntawv "tsis qhia npe" hauv tus sau lub npe.
Daim ntawv pov thawj yuav yog los ntawm tus neeg sau npe tsis qhia npe yuav zoo li no:
Anónimo. (2015) Down to the rabbit hole: curious adventures and cautionary tales of a former playboy bunny. Dey Street Books.
Thiab daim ntawv qhia yuav ua li no:
(Anonymous, 2015).
Yog koj tsis muaj lub title
Txawm hais tias nws tsis nquag, nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim uas koj tsis muaj lub npe ntawm txoj haujlwm. Yog tias qhov no yog koj li, nws kuj muaj kev daws teeb meem. Koj yuav tsum tsuas yog muab cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv square brackets es tsis txhob ntawm lub npe. Tsis tas li sau qhov chaw, sab nraum lub brackets.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov kev siv yuav tau ua nyob rau hauv no txoj kev:
Tus sau. (Hnub tim). [Cov ntaub ntawv piav qhia]. Font.
Thiab cov quotes yuav ua li no:
(Author, Hnub tim)
Yog tias ob lossis ntau cov ntaub ntawv ploj lawm
Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim uas koj tsis muaj lub npe ntawm tus sau thiab hnub tshaj tawm. Nws zoo li kev tso dag, tab sis yog, muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm hom no thiab rau lawv, kev daws teeb meem los ntawm APA cov qauv.
Nws yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev sib txuas cov lus saum toj no, hloov tus sau rau lub npe ntawm txoj haujlwm (hauv Italics) thiab sau "s.f." hauv hnub. Lub hauv paus kuj yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm.
Hom ntawv ntawm kev siv yog raws li nram no:
Lub npe nyob rau hauv italics. (s.f.) Qhov chaw.
Thiab cov quotes yuav ua li no:
(npe, s.f.)
Yuav ua li cas yog tias koj tsis muaj nyob rau hauv koj txhais tes lub npe ntawm tus sau thiab lub npe ntawm cov hauj lwm? Hauv qhov no, nws yuav tsum hloov tus sau nrog cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm (hauv square brackets), ua raws hnub tim thiab qhov chaw. Qhov no yog li cas cov ntaub ntawv yuav raug ua:
[Kev piav qhia ua haujlwm]. (Hnub tim). Font.
Thiab cov quotes yuav yog:
([Kev piav qhia ntawm txoj haujlwm], Hnub tim).
Yog tias koj tsis nco txog hnub tshaj tawm thiab lub npe ntawm txoj haujlwm, tom qab ntawd ntxiv tus sau, sau rau hauv kab "xyoo" nrog "s.f.", piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm hauv cov kab lus, thiab qhia qhov chaw.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov ntaub ntawv yuav zoo li no:
Tus sau. (s.f.). [Kev piav qhia ua haujlwm]. Font.
Thiab daim ntawv qhia yuav zoo li no:
(Autor, s.f.)
Thiab yog tias koj tsis muaj tus sau, hnub tim thiab lub npe, tsis yog, koj tsis tas yuav muab qhov chaw pov tseg rau hauv lub thoob khib nyiab, tab sis sau cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm es tsis yog tus sau (qhov no nyob rau hauv square brackets), tso "s.f." ntawm hnub thiab muab qhov chaw. Yog li:
[Kev piav qhia ua haujlwm]. (s.f.). Font.
Uas rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv yuav raug ua raws li hom ntawv no:
([Kev piav qhia ntawm txoj haujlwm]", s.f.)
Lub tswv yim
Tab sis, yog tias koj ploj lawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ib phau ntawv, nws raug nquahu kom mus rau isbn.cloud, uas yog ib daim ntawv teev npe ntawm phau ntawv. Cia peb hais tias qhov no yog kauj ruam kawg hauv kev sim nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv uas ploj lawm. Yog tias koj tsis tau txais lawv, koj yuav tsis tau txais lawv nyob qhov twg.
Sim cov kauj ruam no. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas koj muab cov ntaub ntawv tiav hauv koj cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv, tsis yog ib nrab, txawm tias nws yog ib yam uas tawm ntawm koj txhais tes.
Lwm cov ntawv luv
Tab sis "s.f." tsis yog tib lub ntsiab lus uas tau txais los ntawm APA. Ntawm no peb hais txog qhov seem ntawm cov ntawv luv luv uas ib txwm siv hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov haujlwm kawm qib siab thiab cov ntawv tshawb fawb sau nyob rau hauv hom nrov no:
- chap: lus
- ed.: ib.
- ed. rev.: ib edition.
- 2nd ed.: II ed.
- Ed. (Eds.): Editor (Editors).
- Trad(s): Tus txhais lus.
- p. (pp.): nplooj (nplooj).
- Vol.: Volumes.
- vols :ua
- Tsis yog: Number.
- Pt.: Ib.
- cov ntaub ntawv Tech.: Technical Report.
- Ntxiv: Ntxiv.
Cov ntawv luv luv no yuav tsum tau sau raws li luam tawm hauv daim ntawv teev npe no, saib xyuas yog tias nws sau ntawv loj lossis tus lej me, qhov chaw lossis tsis, lub sijhawm lossis tsis. Txwv tsis pub, cov ntawv luv yuav raug suav hais tias "tsis raug".
Kev sau ntawv hauv APA yuav zoo li tedious, tab sis nws tsim nyog. Nws tsis tsuas yog qhia peb cov ntaub ntawv kom zoo thiab ua haujlwm, tab sis nws kuj muaj kev tshawb fawb nruj. Ib daim ntawv ua tiav (ua tau zoo, tau kawg) nyob rau hauv APA hom ntawv qhia txog tus kws tshawb fawb uas tau siv sijhawm los ua qhov zoo thiab sau ib qho kev tshawb fawb zoo thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam.