Bari mu gano lokacin da aka yi amfani da gajarta s.f. APA
El formato de presentación de obras científicas de la Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Amirka, wanda aka fi sani da ma'aunin APA (ga ma'anar Turanci na ƙungiyar: Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru . Gajarta mai maimaitawa a cikin "s.f" APA kuma a yau mun bayyana abin da ake nufi da lokacin da za ku iya amfani da shi.
Yin amfani da s.f. apa ga labarin da ba a gama ba
A koyaushe muna jaddada muhimmancin samun kowane daki-daki don haɗa nassoshi da nassoshi na littafi, amma mun san cewa ba koyaushe zai yiwu ba.
Ko yana a aiki mara kyau ko kuma, saboda wasu dalilai, an yanke shawara bar wasu bayanai, yana iya faruwa cewa ba ku san ranar buga ainihin tushen ba.
Idan haka ne, "s.f" ya zo domin ceto. Abin da kawai za ku yi shi ne ci gaba da tsarin da kuka saba ko kuma, maimakon rubuta shekarar bugawa, yi amfani da gajarta "s.f." maimakon haka. Wannan yana nufin "babu kwanan wata"Manual na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Amirka (APA).
Ka tuna cewa tsarin nassoshi na littafi kamar haka:
Sunan karshe na marubuci, Farkon sunan marubucin. (Shekarar bugawar aikin). Sunan aikin a rubutun. Sunan MawallafiManual na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Amirka (APA).
Kuma, idan ba ku da ranar bugawa, to za a yi kamar haka:
Madison,H. Dey Street Books.
Idan wasu bayanai sun ɓace
Abin takaici, rashin samun bayanai wani abu ne da zai iya faruwa da ku tare da wasu bayanai, ko ma, kuna iya rasa bayanai akan bayanai biyu ko uku.
Idan haka ne, ga abin da ya kamata ku yi:
Idan ba ku da sunan marubucin: Sauya shi da sunan take.
A wannan yanayin, tsarin abin da za a yi amfani da shi zai kasance kamar haka:
Take a rubutun. (Kwanan Wata) Source.
Kuma zancen zai kasance kamar haka:
(Title, Kwanan wata).
Bai kamata wannan ya ruɗe da marubutan da ba a san sunansu ba, wanda wani rukuni ne. Ana iya samun ayyukan da marubucin "marasa sani" ya sanya wa hannu waɗanda dole ne a kawo su kuma a ba da su ta hanyar rubuta "marasa suna" a cikin sunan marubucin.
Maganar za ta kasance daga marubucin da ba a san sunansa ba zai kasance kamar haka:
Anónimo. (2015) Down to the rabbit hole: curious adventures and cautionary tales of a former playboy bunny. Dey Street Books.
Kuma shirin zai kasance kamar haka:
(Ba a san shi ba, 2015).
Idan ba ku da take
Kodayake ba akai-akai ba, yana iya faruwa cewa ba ku da taken aikin. Idan wannan shine batun ku, shima yana da mafita. Ya kamata ku samar da bayanin daftarin aiki kawai a maƙallan murabba'i maimakon take. Hakanan rubuta tushen, a waje da maƙallan.
A karkashin wannan tsari, za a yi magana ta wannan hanya:
Marubuci. (Kanar). [bayanin takarda]. Font.
Kuma aikace-aikacen za su kasance kamar haka:
(Marubuci, Kwanan wata)
Idan an rasa bayanai biyu ko fiye
Hakanan yana iya faruwa cewa ba ku da sunan marubucin da ranar bugawa. Yana da kamar wasa, amma a, akwai lokuta irin wannan kuma a gare su, wani bayani da aka bayar ta hanyar APA.
Abu ne na hada abubuwan da ke sama, maye gurbin marubucin da taken aikin (a cikin rubutun) da rubuta "s.f." a cikin kwanan wata. Dole ne kuma a bayyana tushen.
Sigar bayanin kamar haka:
Take a rubutun. (s.f.) Tushen.
Kuma aikace-aikacen za su kasance kamar haka:
(take, s.f.)
Me zai faru idan ba ku da sunan marubucin da sunan aikin a hannunku? A wannan yanayin, dole ne maye gurbin marubucin tare da bayanin aikin (a cikin shingen murabba'i), sannan kwanan wata da tushen. Wannan shi ne yadda za a yi tunani:
[bayanin aiki]. (Kanar). Font.
Kuma zance zai kasance:
([Bayyana aikin], Kwanan wata).
Idan kun rasa kwanan watan da aka buga da sunan aikin, to, ku ƙara marubucin, cika layin "shekara" tare da "s.f", kwatanta aikin a cikin brackets, kuma bayyana tushen.
A karkashin wannan tsari, ambato zai yi kama da haka:
Marubuci. (s.f.). [bayanin aiki]. Font.
Kuma zancen zai yi kama da haka:
(Mawallafi, s.f.)
Kuma idan ba ku da marubucin, kwanan wata da take, a'a, ba dole ba ne ku jefa tushen a cikin sharar gida, amma rubuta bayanin aikin maimakon marubucin (wannan a cikin shingen murabba'i), sa "s.f." a kwanan wata kuma ba da tushe. Don haka:
[bayanin aiki]. (s.f.). Font.
Domin nassoshi da nassoshi za a yi a ƙarƙashin wannan tsari:
([Bayyana aikin]", s.f.)
Shawarar
Amma, idan kun rasa bayanai game da littafi, ana ba da shawarar zuwa isbn.cloud, wanda shine kundin rajista na littattafai. Bari mu ce wannan shine mataki na ƙarshe na ƙoƙarin samun damar bayanan da suka ɓace. Idan ba ku kai su can ba, ba za ku kai su ko'ina ba.
Gwada wannan matakin. Zai fi kyau ku ba da cikakkun bayanai a cikin nassoshi da nassoshi, ba wani abu da rabi ba, ko da wani abu ne wanda ba ya hannunku.
Sauran gajartawa
Amma "s.f" ba shine taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayanin da APA ke karɓa ba. Anan mun ambaci sauran taƙaitaccen bayanin da aka saba amfani da su a cikin rubuce-rubuce, ayyukan digiri da labaran kimiyya da aka rubuta a ƙarƙashin wannan sanannen tsari:
- babin: kapitulo
- ed.: bugu.
- ed. rev.: bugu na bita.
- 2nd ed.: Bugu na biyu.
- Ed. (Eds.): Edita (Masu gyara).
- Trad(s): Mai fassara(s).
- p. (pp.): shafi (shafukan).
- Vol.: Juzu'i.
- vols.: kundin
- No: Lamba.
- Pt.: Sashe.
- bayani Tech.: Rahoton Fasaha.
- Kari: Kari.
Waɗannan gajarce dole ne a rubuta kamar yadda aka sake bugawa a cikin wannan jeri, kula idan an rubuta shi a cikin manya ko ƙananan haruffa, sarari ko a'a, lokaci ko a'a. In ba haka ba, za a dauki gajarta "ba daidai ba".
Rubutu a cikin tsarin APA na iya zama kamar mai ban sha'awa, amma yana da daraja. Ba wai kawai yana nuna mana bayanai masu tsari da tsari ba, har ma yana da ƙwaƙƙwaran kimiyya. Takardar da aka yi (da kyau, ba shakka) a ƙarƙashin tsarin APA yana nuna mai bincike wanda ya dauki lokaci don yin abubuwa daidai kuma ya rubuta cikakken bincike mai dacewa.